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Arithmetic expressions using integers of different sizes

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• Automatic conversion in arithmetic operations
  • Recall that:

    The CPU can only operate on 2 operands of the same size 2 integers 2 shorts 2 bytes Therefore: Mixed size operands must be converted before the CPU can perform the desired operation !!!

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  • Question:

    How show the operands of different size be converted ???

  • Answer from CS170:

    When a lower-precision type and a higher-precision type are used in an arithmetic operation: the lower-precision representation is converted to the higher-precision representation first before the arithmetic operation is performed

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• Example of mixed size operations

  • Integer = Integer + Integer

    In Java: int i, j; i = i + j;

    In assembler: (no conversion is needed !)

    move.l i, d0 * Get 32 bits from i to D0 move.l j, d1 * Get 32 bits from j to D1 add.l d0,d1 * Same szie, we can add move.l d1, i * Store 32 bits result in i

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  • Integer = Integer + Short

    In Java: int i; short s; i = i + s;

    In assembler:

    move.l i, d0 * Get 32 bits from i to D0 move.w s, d1 * Get 16 bits from s to D1 ext.l d1 * Converts 16 bit repr to 32 bit repr add.l d0,d1 * Add the two 32 bits numbers together move.l d1, i * Store the 32 bit number in i

    Demo: /home/cs255000/demo/asm/ext5.s

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  • Short = Short + Integer

    In Java: int i; short s; s = (short) (s + i); // Casting means danger !

    In assembler:

    move.l i, d0 * Get 32 bits from i to D0 move.w s, d1 * Get 16 bits from s to D1 ext.l d1 * Converts 16 bit repr to 32 bit repr add.l d0,d1 * Add the two 32 bits numbers together move.w d1, s * Store the 16 bit number in s

  • NOTE:

    The assembler instruction: move.w d1, s * Store the 16 bit number in s can result in overflow error For this reason, in Java, the programmer must use an explicit casting: s = (short) (s + i) ; The Java compiler will not allow you to write this: s = s + i; // Java will report error !!!

    The (short) casting operation is to let you tell Java that you know it's dangerous and "please let me do it anyway".

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  • Example Program: (Demo above code)                                                
    • Prog file: click here

    How to run the program:

    Right click on link and save in a scratch directory To compile:   as255 ext2 To run:          m680000

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• The assembler programmer: power and responsibility
  • Assembler programming:

    Assembler programming is the most difficult way to program a computer It is assumed that assembler programmers know what they are doing..... Assembler programmers do not ask permission to do anything !!!

    (If you dare to program in assembler, you should be man enough to take on the responsibility to know what to do... You are not in Kansas anymore (to quote Dorothy))

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• Summary

       int i;
       short s;
       byte b;
  
   How to perform all possible conversion between int, short and byte:
  
       s = b;      --->   MOVE.B  b, D0
  			EXT.W   D0
  			MOVE.W  D0, s
  
       b = s	 --->   MOVE.W  s, D0
                          MOVE.B  D0,b       * Can result in overflow....
  
  
       i = s;      --->   MOVE.W  s, D0
  			EXT.L   D0
  			MOVE.L  D0, i
  
       s = i;	 --->   MOVE.L  i, D0
                          MOVE.W  D0,s       * Can result in overflow....
  
  
       i = b;      --->   MOVE.B  b, D0
  			EXT.W   D0         * First convert to WORD
  			EXT.L   D0         * THEN convert to LONG WORD !
  			MOVE.L  D0, i
  
       b = i;	 --->   MOVE.L  i, D0
                          MOVE.B  D0,b       * Can result in overflow....